Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/ non fiction/ tales/ folktales/ fables/ myths/ epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structure
- Orientation
- Complication
- Evaluation (Optional)
- Resolution

- Orientation : It is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened
- Evaluation : Is optional; it is usually used to make the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can here more than one complication.
- Resolution : It is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written
- Coda : It is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life

Example : The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

Example of narrative text :

Why do hawks hunt chicks?

Once upon a time, a hawk fell in love with a hen.The hawk flew down
From the sky and asked the hen,”Will you marry me?”
The hen loved the brave, strong hawk and wished to marry him.
But she said,” I cannot fly as high as you can. If you give me time, I may
learn to fly as high as you. Then we can fly together.”
The hawk agreed. Before he went away, he gave the hen a ring.
“This is to show that you have promised to marry me”, said the hawk.
It so happened that the hen had already promised to marry
A rooster. So, when the rooster saw the ring, he became very angry.
“Throw that ring away at once!” shouted the rooster. The hen was so
Frightened at the rooster’s anger that she threw away the ring immediately.
When the hawk came a few months later the hen told him the truth.
The hawk whild was so furious that he cursed the hen,”Why you don’t
Tell me earlier? Now, you’ll always be stratching the earth, and I’ll always
Be flaying above to catch your children,” said the hawk.

The paragraph 1 : orientation
The paragraph 2 and 4 : complication
The paragraph 3 and 5 : resolution

This story include of Fable………

Advertisement

a. The definition of advertisement.
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
b. Function of advertisement:
- Promotion
- Communication
- Information
c. In making advertisement, keep the following points :
1. Language of advertisement :
- Using the correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
- Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals
2. Content of advertisement :
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not allude group or other producer

d. Kinds of advertisement :
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Sponsored advertisement
- Requested advertisement
- News advertisement
- Announcement advertisement
- Goods advertisement
- Merit advertisement
e. Media of advertisement
- By television
- By radio
- Billboard
- Leaflet
- Pamflet etc.

Greetings

Greetings is customary or ritualized words or phrases used to introduce onself or to greet someone.

• Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two.

• Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
In English, some common verbal greetings are :
 Hi (say it when you meet with a person. Usually used in an informal situation).
 Hello (say it when you meet a person).
 How do you do? (say it when you greet a person for the first time).
 How are you.
 I’m glad to meet you.
 I’m happy to meet you.
 I’m pleased to meet you.
 It’s nice to meet you.
 It’s good to meet you.
 It’s great to meet you.
 Good morning (00.00am – 12.00am).
 Good afternoon (12.00pm – 15.00pm).
 Good evening (16.00pm – 24.00pm).
 Good day.
 God night.
 Good bye (say it when you are leaving).

Responding to initial greetings are :
 Hi.
 Hello.
 I’m very well.
 I’m fine.
 I’m glad to meet you too.
 I’m happy to meet you too.
 I’m pleased to meet you too.
 It’s nice to meet you too.
 It’s good to meet you too.
 It’s great to meet you too.
 Good morning.
 Good afternoon.
 Good evening.
 Good day.
 Good night.
 Excellent
 Great.
 Me too.
 I’m not fine.

Simple Past Tense

The formula of Simple Past Tense :

(+ ) S + Verb 2 + O.

( - ) S + did not + Verb 1 + O.

(? )Did + S + Verb 1 + O.

Simple past tense used to talk about an action that happened in the past.

Simple past tense also used to tell a story. The time signals that indicate such happening are yesterday, this morning, just now, a few minutes ago ,long time ago, and last.

Example :

1. (+ ) Ichsan went to Singapore last year.

( - ) Ichsan did not go to Singapore last year.

(? ) Did Ichsan go to Singapore last year?

2. (+ ) They came to my house the day before yesterday.

( - ) They did not come to my house the day before yesterday.

(? ) Did they come to my house the day before yesterday?

3. (+ ) Salahudin bought a new car yesterday.

( - ) salahudin did not buy a new car yesterday.

(? ) Did Salahudin buy a new car yesterday?

4. (+ ) You left me alone last week.

( - ) You did not leave me alone last week.

(? ) Did you leave me alone last week?

Note :

1. In positive sentences, all of the main verb in the verb II (past tense).

2. In negative sentences, all of the main verb in the verb I.

How to write Autobiography

When writing an autobiography, you focus on three major things: who you are in life, what life means to you and what your outlook on the future is.

"Autobiographies have been written since A.D. 400 when an early Christian leader, Saint Augustine, wrote his." An autobiography is information about one's own life written by that one person. In it, it tells what that person's life is all about. When writing your own autobiography, use interesting facts to explain as much about yourself as you can.

The first thing you do when writing an autobiography is start off with a lot of facts about your life; for example, when and where you were born, where you live (city and state), where you go to school and who you live with. You have to give a lot of information so your reader can clearly understand what is going on. Once you have written this introduction, you are ready to start your first paragraph of the autobiography.

Who you are in life?

The best way to start an autobiography is to state your name. When you are writing this paragraph, you usually explain the type of person you are; use facts about yourself such as: have you won any awards? What types of awards have you won? Did you finish school? Do you plan on going to college?

What life means to you?

This is now your second paragraph. In this paragraph you should state how you see life--what does life mean to you. Are you happy or sad? Do you have a lot of friends or just a few? How do you make your school days go by? Do you have a boyfriend/girlfriend? What are your favorite places to go on dates? How long have you been dating? If you are involved in a relationship, do you think it will last forever?

What is your outlook on the future?

In this paragraph you should explain what you think the future will be like. Pick a year and explain how it will be but explain it through your eyes. Where will you be? How will you be living? Will you be married? Will there be any kids? Who will you be married to? What is he/she like? How long will you have been together?

Conclusion

The conclusion is the last paragraph of your autobiography and an important one, too. In the conclusion you usually try to re-word the introduction and add some type of closure to bring the whole autobiography together.

Steps

1. Understand your reasons for writing an autobiography. Your autobiography will turn out best if you write it simply because you want to, perhaps to share the experiences of your life with others, to give as a gift for your family, to try and understand your life and the forces that have shaped you, to preserve your legacy, or simply to exercise your desire to write. If money is your primary motivation, keep in mind that, unless you have some renown, your story will be a hard sell. While it's possible to sell a book about a relatively unknown person, the book really has to be something special. This means that you, the writer, need to care most about the story, not the money.
2. Read some autobiographies. The best way to get a feel for autobiographical writing is to read several good autobiographies. Ask friends, family, and your local bookseller for recommendations. The more you read, the more approaches you'll be exposed to, and while you don't need to copy any of these for your memoirs, you can get a lot of good ideas about how to organize your story and make it interesting.
3. Think about your audience. Your approach to writing will be a lot different depending on who your intended audience is. If you're just writing for yourself, and nobody will ever see your story, you can do whatever you want: take shortcuts, rant, ignore all the rules of grammar if you want. If you're writing for friends and family, you'll want to pay more attention to readability, but you can still take certain shortcuts because chances are your readers will already be familiar with many of the characters and stories. Writing for publication, however, requires a more thorough approach. Not only will you need to edit the manuscript to perfection, but you'll also need to constantly keep in mind that your readers may not know anything about the people or events in your autobiography.
4. Develop your theme. A story is generally more satisfying if it has a unifying theme or two. Rather than just reciting the events of your life like a timeline in a history book, think about what the main idea of your story -- the driving force of your life -- is. Maybe you're a rags-to-riches story, or maybe the central theme of your life has been the love of your spouse. Think about what's most important to you, and build your story around that. Having a theme in mind will make your story more compelling and help you weed out all those unimportant details.
5. Organize your autobiography. For obvious reasons, chronological order is the most popular style of autobiographical organization. It's pretty straightforward: start at the beginning, and when you come to the end, stop. A logical beginning would be your birth, but you may also want to start by giving an overview of your ancestors' stories. Conversely, sometimes it makes sense to skip over your early years and start sometime later in life. You needn't just go through your life year by year, however. You may want to organize your story more thematically. However you choose to organize your autobiography, it's a good idea to plan it out in an outline. You don't need to follow your outline when you start writing, but it can be a helpful guide.
6. Jog your memory. The best way to remember the past is to try and find things you have kept from that time, such as photos and letters. They may spark just one memory or a whole chain of them. Before you start to write about each stage in your life, try to find items you may have kept from each. Ask family and friends if they have saved anything of yours from that time.
7. Start writing. When you open the floodgates of memory, you will probably be eager to capture everything just right. Sit in a comfortable place, relax, and take it one page at a time. Be yourself: you’ll write faster and more naturally. Don’t spend too much time thinking about style and grammar, just write. You’re probably not trying to win any prizes, and even if you are, don't let the "art of writing" prevent you from telling your story. You can edit later.
8. Edit your completed work. Once you've hammered out your life story, let your manuscript sit for a few weeks before proceeding to edit it. You may find it helpful to ask others to read your story and comment on it. Take out the extraneous details, tie up the loose ends, and make sure your writing is crisp and readable throughout.
9. Preserve your work. Ensure you have at least one copy in a place which is safe from fire, flood or other damage – you don’t want such an important work to be lost. If your story is saved on your computer, make sure to print out a hard copy and save a backup copy. You may even want to back your autobiography up online. In most cases, you'll also want to have a plan for passing on your autobiography. You can do this either by trying to get the book published, publishing it yourself, or distributing copies to friends and relatives. Even if you decide not to distribute it right away, you are going to put lots of work into this project, and you should have a plan for passing on your story to your heirs.
10. Build a relationship using your autobiography. Children and grandchildren will learn many new things about you and other people, times, and places from your life story. As the writing process will remind you of these experiences, be sure to be intentional about sharing some stories with the next generation too. For example, these remembrances will make for interesting phone conversations with your family. Keep in mind that the way you grew up can be fascinating to your grandchildren (outhouses, one-room schoolhouses, and life before TV). They will have never met interesting people like your parents or grandparents. You have the power to bring these people to life through your memories, and you become a multi-dimensional person to them as they learn more about when you were a child, a teen, a young adult, a worker, a parent, and a grandparent. It's a legacy worth sharing.

Analyze Character

SETTING -- The time and location in which a story takes place is called the setting. For some stories the setting is very important, while for others it is not. There are several aspects of a story's setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story (some, or all, may be present in a story):

a) place - geographical location. Where is the action of the story taking place?
b) time - When is the story taking place? (historical period, time of day, year, etc)
c) weather conditions - Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?
d) social conditions - What is the daily life of the characters like? Does the story contain local colour (writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular place)?
e) mood or atmosphere - What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? Is it bright and cheerful or dark and frightening?

PLOT -- The plot is how the author arranges events to develop his basic idea; It is the sequence of events in a story or play. The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle, and end. The short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one sitting. There are five essential parts of plot:

a) Introduction - The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting is revealed.

b) Rising Action - This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax).

c) Climax - This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?

d) Falling action - The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and denouement).

e) Denouement - This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.

it is helpful to consider climax as a three-fold phenomenon: 1) the main character receives new information 2) accepts this information (realizes it but does not necessarily agree with it) 3) acts on this information (makes a choice that will determine whether or not he/she gains his objective).

CONFLICT-- Conflict is essential to plot. Without conflict there is no plot. It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move. Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments, rather it is any form of opposition that faces the main character. Within a short story there may be only one central struggle, or there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.

There are two types of conflict:
1) External - A struggle with a force outside one's self.

2) Internal - A struggle within one's self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.

There are four kinds of conflict:
1) Man vs. Man (physical) - The leading character struggles with his physical strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals.

2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical) - The leading character struggles against fate, or the circumstances of life facing him/her.

3) Man vs. Society (social) - The leading character struggles against ideas, practices, or customs of other people.

4) Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) - The leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of right or wrong, physical limitations, choices, etc.

CHARACTER -- There are two meanings for the word character:
1) The person in a work of fiction.
2) The characteristics of a person.

Persons in a work of fiction - Antagonist and Protagonist
Short stories use few characters. One character is clearly central to the story with all major events having some importance to this character - he/she is the PROTAGONIST. The opposer of the main character is called the ANTAGONIST.

The Characteristics of a Person -
In order for a story to seem real to the reader its characters must seem real. Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters themselves. The author may reveal a character in several ways:
a) his/her physical appearance
b) what he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams
c) what he/she does or does not do
d) what others say about him/her and how others react to him/her

Characters are convincing if they are: consistent, motivated, and life-like (resemble real people)

Characters are...
1. Individual - round, many sided and complex personalities.
2. Developing - dynamic, many sided personalities that change, for better or worse, by the end of the story.
3. Static - Stereotype, have one or two characteristics that never change and are emphasized e.g. brilliant detective, drunk, scrooge, cruel stepmother, etc.

POINT OF VIEW

Point of view, or p.o.v., is defined as the angle from which the story is told.

1. Innocent Eye - The story is told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult) .

2. Stream of Consciousness - The story is told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and reactions.

3. First Person - The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist or other characters (using pronouns I, me, we, etc). The reader sees the story through this person's eyes as he/she experiences it and only knows what he/she knows or feels.

4. Omniscient- The author can narrate the story using the omniscient point of view. He can move from character to character, event to event, having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of his characters and he introduces information where and when he chooses. There are two main types of omniscient point of view:

a) Omniscient Limited - The author tells the story in third person (using pronouns they, she, he, it, etc). We know only what the character knows and what the author allows him/her to tell us. We can see the thoughts and feelings of characters if the author chooses to reveal them to us.

b) Omniscient Objective – The author tells the story in the third person. It appears as though a camera is following the characters, going anywhere, and recording only what is seen and heard. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. The reader is placed in the position of spectator without the author there to explain. The reader has to interpret events on his own.

THEME -- The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the author's underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey. The theme may be the author's thoughts about a topic or view of human nature. The title of the short story usually points to what the writer is saying and he may use various figures of speech to emphasize his theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.

Some simple examples of common themes from literature, TV, and film are:
- things are not always as they appear to be
- Love is blind
- Believe in yourself
- People are afraid of change
- Don't judge a book by its cover

Expressing Sympathy

Expressing sympathy is used to expression sympathy felling or care to someone who has problem or accident.

Kinds of expressing sympathy :
 That’s awfull.
 That’s a shame. Poor you.
 That’s a pity. I express my deeps.
 That’s a terrible.
 That’s too bad.
 That’s dread full.
 What a shame.
 What a pity.
 How terrible!
 How dread full!
 I’m sorry to hear that.
 I’m sorry to know that.
 I’m sympathy with you.
 I’m so sad to hear that.
 I’m so sad to know that.
 I can sympathy.
 I know the felling.
 I know what you feel.
 Oh no………
 Oh dear………!

Accepting sympathy :
 Thank you.
 Thanks.
 Thank you very much.
 Thank you so much.

Expressing Happiness

Expressing happiness is used to expression happiness felling when we are successful to do something.

We can expressing happiness with :

• Word.
• Gesture.

Kind of expressing happiness :

v I like.

v I love.

v I’m satisfied with…………..

v I’m pleased with………….

v Congratulation.

v I’m very happy because………..

v Well down.

v That’s fantastic!

v That’s good!

v That’s great!

v That’s wonderful!

v That’s exciting.

v I’m so happy for you.

v I’m happy to hear that.

v I’m glad to know that.

v I’m so happy to know it.

v My happiness for you.

v I’m very happy for you.

v My deep impression for you both.

v You make me happy.

v How happy you must be!

v How happy you are!

Giving Instruction

Giving instruction is an expression for give or ask somebody to do something that we want.
Giving instruction same with imperative sentences.
Giving instruction are :
1. Command.
• Verb (+ O).
Example : Watch out, come here, etc.
• Please + V (+ O).
Example : Please clean your room.
• V (+ O) + Please.
Example : Wash this towel, please.

2. Prohibition.
• Don’t + V (+ O).
Example : Don’t close it!

• Don’t + V (+ O) + Please.
Example : Don’t be noise, please.

• Would you mind not + V-ing (+ O).
Example : Would you mind not reading my diary.
Kinds of giving instruction :

• Verb 1.
Example :
 Wash your hand.
 Eat your meal.
 Sit down.

• Be + adjective.
Example :
 Be your self.
 Be a good student.
 Be strong.
 Be happy.

• Don’t + V-infinitive.
Example :
 Don’t armb!
 Don’t eat!
 Don’t approach!
 Don’t disturb!
 Don’t touch!

• No + V-ing.
Example :
 No smooking!
 No swimming!
 No parking!
 No fishing!

Procedure Text

Procedure text is a text that designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses the simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also usually uses the temporal conjunctions, such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

The generic structure of procedure text :

§ Goal :

The final purpose of doing the instructions.

§ Materials :

Ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions.

§ Steps :

A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose.

Language features :

§ Use imperative. Example : cut, don’t mix, etc.

§ Use action verb. Example : turn, put, mix, etc.

§ Use connectivitas. Example : first, then, finally, next, etc.

§ Use adverbial phrases. Example : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top,etc.

Example of procedure text :

Goal :

Marble game.

Materials :

• One marble per shooter.
• A hole in ground.
• A line (distance) to start from.

Steps :

1. First you must dub (click marbles together).

2. Then check that the marbles are in good condition and are nearly worth the same value.

3. Next you must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance away from the hole.

4. The first shooter carefully throws his or her marble towards the hole.

5. Then the second shooter tries to throw his or her marble closer to the hole than his or her opponent.

6. The shooter whose marble is closest to the hole tries to flick his or her marble into the hole. If successful, this player tries to flick his or her opponent’s marble into the hole. The shooter flicking the last marble into the hole wins and gets to keep both marbles.

Recount Text

Recount text is a kind of text to tells the reader a past event or experience in a chronological order. That’s why, it uses simple past tense.
Recount text usually focuses on a person’s past experience, so it usually uses the word “I or we”.
The generic structure of recount text :

 Orientation :
Tells the readers who was involved in the story, what happened, where the story took place, and when it happened.

 Events :
Tell the sequence of events.

 Re-orientation :
Summarises the event.

Example of recount text :

Barbecue in the park

Last Sunday, we went to the park. David’s family invited us to a barbecue party in the park. We lived nearby so we just walked there.
When we got the park, there were not many people yet. David’s family was already there. They arrived there early to get the best picnic spot with an electronic barbecue grill nearby. When I arrived, they were cleaning the barbecue. They made sure the barbecue was clean. When it was clean, they turned the barbecue on by pushing the button. The electric stove turned on and the metal plate became hot.
David’s mother put some cooking oil on the metal plate, and after that put some sausages, beef steaks and some onions on the barbecue. Meanwhile, David’s father was preparing the bread, butter, and the drinks.
While waiting for the meat to cook, David and I joined our friends playing football. When we got tired, we stopped and enjoyed the sausages, steaks, and some cold softdrinks.
The food was delicious. I think David’s mother is one of the best cooks in the world.

Making an Appointment

Appointment is a kind of expression which is used to conduct an appointment.

Kind of appointment expression are :

1. Making an appointment.

§ I’d like to make an appointment with……….

§ I want to make an appointment to see…………..

§ I’d like you to come and see me.

§ Can we meet at………..

§ Can I come and see you?

2. Accepting an appointment.

§ All right, see you there.

§ I’ll be there.

§ Be there on time.

§ OK, wait a minute.

§ Yes, I’ll come.

§ I’ll wait for you there.

§ No problem, I’m free on.

§ It’s a deal.

§ Surely.

3. Cancelling an appointment.

§ I’m sorry, I can’t.

§ I’m sorry, I’m very busy.

§ I’m terrible sorry, I have to put of my appointment.

§ I’m sorry, I can’t come to meet you, because I must to do something.

4. Changing an appointment.

§ What about…………….?

§ Is that OK if we meet at 10.00am tomorrow.

§ Do you have another time this afternoon?

§ Could we change the day (time) of the meeting?

§ Would you mind if we change the day (time) of the meeting?

ANNOUNCEMENT

Announcement is something said, written or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.
In writing an announcement, keep the following points :
• The title/type of event.
• Date/time.
• Place.
• Who to contact.
Example of announcement :

School Announcement

Saturday morning basketball matches will begin on Saturday, January 1. the events will run from 09.00 – 11.00am for the next four weeks. The final tournament will be held on February 8. for more information, contact Ari (021) 7891023.

Kartini’s Day

Monday, April 21, is Kartini’s day. To celebrate it, each class must present a couple of boy and girl. They have to wear and perform the traditional costumes. Also, there will be a cooking competition. Each class present two groups, i.e one group of boys and one group of girls. Each group consist of 3 – 4 students. The categories for judging will be : best of show and creativity. Winners will receive prizes at 02.00pm in the school hall. For more information, please confirm your class teacher.

Simple Present Tense

The formula of Simple present tense :

• Nominal :

(+ ) S + to be + Complement (noun, adjective, and adverb).

( - ) S + to be + not + Complement.

( ? )to be + S + Complement + ?

Example :

(+ ) Reza is always happy.

( - ) Reza is not always happy.

( ? )Is Reza always happy?

• Verbal :

(+ ) S + Verb 1(s/es) + O.

( - ) S + do/does + not + Verb 1 + O.

( ? )do/does + S + Verb 1 + O + ?

Example :

(+ ) I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.

( - ) I do not usually get up at six o’clock in the morning.

( ? )Do I usually get up at six o’clock in the morning?

Simple present tense used to show :

• Daily routines or habitual action :

Example :

(+ ) Hamirat always swims in the afternoon.

( - ) Hamirat does not always swim in the afternoon.

( ? )Does Hamirat always swim in the afternoon?

• An action that happen in the present time if followed with stative verbs. Example of stative verbs are : know, understand, have, believe, hate, need, hear, love, appear, see, like, seem, smell, want, taste, wish, sound own and etc.

Example :

(+ ) They understand the problem now.

( - ) They don’t understand the problem now.

( ? )Do They understand the problem now?

Note :

1. In positive sentences or affirmative, add s/es to the main verbs of the sentences whose subject is the third person singular (he, she, it ). And if the sentences whose subject I, you, we, and they, so the verbs still in the main verbs.

2. In negative sentences, after subject he, she, and it used “does not”, and after subject I, you, we, and they used “do not”.

3. In interrogative sentences, in front subject he, she, and it used “does”, and in front subject I, you, we and they used “do”.